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LITHOGRAPHY
History
Lithography process more modern than burning, was invented in the late eighteenth century by A. Senefelder. playwright unsuccessful, it seeks to put its music more typically more economical than working on copper.
It uses Munich stone which allows him to experiment a flat technique which takes either the hollow or the relief. He discovered after a chance the process of lithography.
Definition and technical
"Litho" comes from Greek and means stone. Lithography is a printing process on stone or zinc plate embossed in advance and more malleable. This process is based on a chemical preparation of the substrate on which the artist has drawn using ink or a lithographic crayon. The chemical preparation allows the ink to remain deposited only on the comic of the stone or zinc, the other party refused. The principle is based on the incompatibility of a fat and an acidic body.
Thereafter, the artists have captured this technique is the beginning of the black multi shimmer (Daumier ...) to quickly s''ouvrir colors (Toulouse-Lautrec, the Impressionists, Chagall, Picasso ...)
A color lithograph requires many stones (or zinc) as there are colors in the composition: 13 colors so mean 13 passages press the same lithography. Each color takes its place on the print to very specific benchmarks. tone overlays serve to broaden the palette and shades.
Shades specially designed (transparency, opacity ...) assume a greater knowledge of these laws and a sense of technical breakdown on the part of the artist referring to a clean graphic approach.
The numbering of the lithographs merit, too few explanations:
The figures annotations, Roman numerals or Arabic, are in the form of a fraction III / CL: 120/150 etc. The denominator of this fraction specifies the importance of the drawing, that is to say the number of proofs printed with the same media; in the example above, the number CL or 150 indicates that the circulation was 150 copies. Figures III and 120 mean that we have before us test 3 and the test No. 120. This in no way implies that one is in the presence of the 3rd or 120th test.
A printing, drying and examination (operation during which destroyed non-conforming tests at the right to shoot) and the numbering and signing, trials are repeatedly mixed and nobody can be certain of the order of birth.
It is extremely important to clarify that the finished drawing, reviewed and accepted piece by piece by the artist, it immediately erases the lithographic stone. Copies of this draw are undeniably original works.
